NORTHERN QI-SUI DYNASTY (AD 550-618)

A group of small votive vessels is illustrated by A. Juliano, Art of the Six Dynasties, New York, 1975, pp. 38-40, particularly the tuohu, cat. no. 16, with a lengthy discussion of the early adoption of this type of Chinese bronze vessel for use in Buddhist rituals. See, also, the group of small bronze vessels discovered in the Western Han royal tomb of Liu Fei (169-127 BC), the King of Jiangdu, at Dayun Mountain in Xuyi, Jiangsu province, illustrated by Xu (ed.), Tomb Treasures: New Discoveries from China’s Han Dynasty, San Francisco, 2017, p. 120, no. 43.

Two small Han dynasty hu-shaped gilt-bronze vessels are illustrated by P. Singer in Early Chinese Miniatures, New York, 1977, p. 34, no. 55 (from the Los Angeles County Museum of Art), and on p. 40, no. 75 (from the British Museum).